Table Detection and Transformation Using TATR (Table Transformer): Using TATR on E2E Cloud

January 15, 2024
By
Hady Khamis Khan
Sign up for Free Trial

Table of Contents

Example H2
Example H3
Example H4
Example H5
Example H6

Introduction

In the field of document analysis, the ongoing difficulty of extracting organized data from unstructured information has found a solution in the emergence of the Table Transformer. This pioneering adaptation of the DETR (DEtection TRansformer) model developed by Microsoft Research, housed within the Hugging Face Transformers framework, marks a significant advancement. This inventive model represents a major step forward by combining convolutional backbones with encoder-decoder Transformers, enabling exceptional performance in detecting tables and recognizing structures within documents.

Overview

The Table Transformer model, introduced in the research paper ‘PubTables-1M: Towards comprehensive table extraction from unstructured documents’ by Brandon Smock, Rohith Pesala, and Robin Abraham, presents a novel dataset, PubTables-1M. This dataset aims to set a benchmark for advancements in table extraction from unstructured documents, focusing on table structure recognition and functional analysis. The authors trained two DETR models within the Table Transformer framework: one for table detection and another for table structure recognition.

What Is DETR ?

The groundbreaking DETR model was introduced in the paper ‘End-to-End Object Detection with Transformers’ authored by Nicolas Carion, Francisco Massa, Gabriel Synnaeve, Nicolas Usunier, Alexander Kirillov, and Sergey Zagoruyko. DETR comprises a convolutional backbone followed by an encoder-decoder Transformer, offering an end-to-end training approach for object detection. It simplifies the complexities inherent in models such as Faster-R-CNN and Mask-R-CNN, which rely on techniques like region proposals, non-maximum suppression, and anchor generation. Furthermore, DETR exhibits the potential for extension into panoptic segmentation by adding a mask head to the decoder outputs.

Abstract of DETR

This novel method presents object detection as a direct set prediction problem, marking a departure from conventional approaches. By streamlining the detection pipeline, this model eliminates the need for various manually crafted components such as non-maximum suppression and anchor generation, which typically encode task-specific prior knowledge. At the core of this new framework, named DEtection TRansformer (DETR), lies a set-based global loss that ensures unique predictions through bipartite matching and an architecture involving Transformer encoder-decoder layers. Using a predefined set of learned object queries, DETR comprehends object relations and the overall image context to directly generate a final set of predictions concurrently. This model is conceptually straightforward and doesn't rely on a specialized library, unlike several contemporary detectors. On the challenging COCO object detection dataset, DETR exhibits comparable accuracy and runtime performance to the well-established and highly optimized Faster R-CNN baseline. Moreover, DETR offers straightforward generalization for producing panoptic segmentation, outperforming competitive baselines significantly.

Abstract of TATR

The paper's abstract highlights recent progress in using machine learning for inferring and extracting table structures from unstructured documents. It acknowledges the challenge of creating large-scale datasets with accurate ground truth and introduces PubTables-1M as a solution. This dataset includes nearly one million tables from scientific articles, supporting various input formats and offering detailed header and location information for table structures. To enhance accuracy, it addresses ground truth inconsistencies observed in previous datasets by employing a novel canonicalization procedure. The research demonstrates the dataset's improvements in training and evaluating model performance for table structure recognition. Moreover, Transformer-based object detection models trained on PubTables-1M exhibit outstanding results across detection, structure recognition, and functional analysis without requiring specialized customization for these tasks.

Understanding the Table Transformer

Central to its design, the DETR model, initially conceived for object detection and panoptic segmentation, relies on a foundational convolutional backbone such as ResNet-50 or ResNet-101, succeeded by an encoder-decoder Transformer architecture. What sets it apart is its streamlined methodology. In contrast to predecessors like Faster R-CNN or Mask R-CNN, which depend on intricate mechanisms like region proposals and anchor generation, DETR functions in an end-to-end manner. This simplicity is supported by an advanced loss function known as the bipartite matching loss, enabling uncomplicated training and refinement resembling the approach used in BERT models.

Advantages Over OCR

For a long time, Optical Character Recognition (OCR) has served as the conventional means of document analysis. Nevertheless, the Table Transformer offers distinct benefits:

  1. Structure Recognition: While OCR is proficient in text extraction, the Table Transformer surpasses it by not only extracting text but also recognizing and reconstructing table structures. Consequently, it retains the relational context of the data, showcasing a superior capability.
  2. End-to-End Training: In contrast to traditional OCR methods that often require multiple pre-processing steps and domain-specific adjustments, the Table Transformer's end-to-end training streamlines the workflow. This approach reduces the necessity for complex preprocessing, enhancing efficiency.
  3. Reduced Dependence on Templates: OCR heavily relies on predetermined templates, leading to rigidity in handling variations in document layouts. The Table Transformer's adaptability to diverse document structures significantly bolsters its robustness, reducing reliance on rigid templates.

Tutorial - Using TATR on E2E Cloud

If you require extra GPU resources for the tutorials ahead, you can explore the offerings on E2E CLOUD. E2E provides a diverse selection of GPUs, making them a suitable choice for more advanced LLM-based applications.

To get one, head over to MyAccount, and sign up. Then launch a GPU node as is shown in the screenshot below:

Make sure you add your ssh keys during launch, or through the security tab after launching. 

Once you have launched a node, you can use VSCode Remote Explorer to ssh into the node and use it as a local development environment. 

Tutorial: Table Transformer (TATR) for Table Detection and Extraction for OCR Application

Set Up the Environment

Let's start by installing Hugging Face Transformers and EasyOCR (an open-source OCR engine).


!pip install -q easyocr

Next, we load a Table Transformer pre-trained for table detection. We use the ‘no_timm’ version here to load the checkpoint with a Transformers-native backbone.


from transformers import AutoModelForObjectDetection
model = AutoModelForObjectDetection.from_pretrained("microsoft/table-transformer-detection", revision="no_timm")


model.config.id2label

We move the model to a GPU if it's available (predictions will be faster).


import torch
device = "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"
model.to(device)
print("")

Next, we can load a PDF image.


from PIL import Image
from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
# Loading an example image
file_path = hf_hub_download(repo_id="nielsr/example-pdf", repo_type="dataset", filename="image.png")
image = Image.open(file_path).convert("RGB")
# let's display it a bit smaller
width, height = image.size
display(image.resize((int(0.6*width), (int(0.6*height)))))

Preparing the image for the model can be done as follows:


from torchvision import transforms
class MaxResize(object):
    def __init__(self, max_size=800):
        self.max_size = max_size
    def __call__(self, image):
        width, height = image.size
        current_max_size = max(width, height)
        scale = self.max_size / current_max_size
        resized_image = image.resize((int(round(scale*width)), int(round(scale*height))))
        return resized_image
detection_transform = transforms.Compose([
    MaxResize(800),
    transforms.ToTensor(),
    transforms.Normalize([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
])


pixel_values = detection_transform(image).unsqueeze(0)
pixel_values = pixel_values.to(device)
print(pixel_values.shape)

Next, we forward the pixel values through the model. The model outputs logits of shape (batch_size, num_queries, num_labels + 1). The +1 is for the ‘no object’ class.


import torch
with torch.no_grad():
  outputs = model(pixel_values)

Next, we take the prediction that has an actual class (i.e. not ‘no object’).


# for output bounding box post-processing
def box_cxcywh_to_xyxy(x):
    x_c, y_c, w, h = x.unbind(-1)
    b = [(x_c - 0.5 * w), (y_c - 0.5 * h), (x_c + 0.5 * w), (y_c + 0.5 * h)]
    return torch.stack(b, dim=1)
def rescale_bboxes(out_bbox, size):
    img_w, img_h = size
    b = box_cxcywh_to_xyxy(out_bbox)
    b = b * torch.tensor([img_w, img_h, img_w, img_h], dtype=torch.float32)
    return b
# update id2label to include "no object"
id2label = model.config.id2label
id2label[len(model.config.id2label)] = "no object"
def outputs_to_objects(outputs, img_size, id2label):
    m = outputs.logits.softmax(-1).max(-1)
    pred_labels = list(m.indices.detach().cpu().numpy())[0]
    pred_scores = list(m.values.detach().cpu().numpy())[0]
    pred_bboxes = outputs['pred_boxes'].detach().cpu()[0]
    pred_bboxes = [elem.tolist() for elem in rescale_bboxes(pred_bboxes, img_size)]
    objects = []
    for label, score, bbox in zip(pred_labels, pred_scores, pred_bboxes):
        class_label = id2label[int(label)]
        if not class_label == 'no object':
            objects.append({'label': class_label, 'score': loat(score),                             'bbox': [float(elem) for elem in bbox]})
    return objects
    

objects = outputs_to_objects(outputs, image.size, id2label)

print(objects)

We can visualize the detection on the image.


import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.patches as patches
from matplotlib.patches import Patch
def fig2img(fig):
    """Convert a Matplotlib figure to a PIL Image and return it"""
    import io
    buf = io.BytesIO()
    fig.savefig(buf)
    buf.seek(0)
    img = Image.open(buf)
    return img
def visualize_detected_tables(img, det_tables, out_path=None):
    plt.imshow(img, interpolation="lanczos")
    fig = plt.gcf()
    fig.set_size_inches(20, 20)
    ax = plt.gca()
    for det_table in det_tables:
        bbox = det_table['bbox']
        if det_table['label'] == 'table':
            facecolor = (1, 0, 0.45)
            edgecolor = (1, 0, 0.45)
            alpha = 0.3
            linewidth = 2
            hatch='//////'
        elif det_table['label'] == 'table rotated':
            facecolor = (0.95, 0.6, 0.1)
            edgecolor = (0.95, 0.6, 0.1)
            alpha = 0.3
            linewidth = 2
            hatch='//////'
        else:
            continue
        rect = patches.Rectangle(bbox[:2], bbox[2]-bbox[0], box[3]-bbox[1], linewidth=linewidth, edgecolor='none', facecolor=facecolor, alpha=0.1)
        ax.add_patch(rect)
        rect = patches.Rectangle(bbox[:2], bbox[2]-bbox[0], bbox[3]-bbox[1], linewidth=linewidth, edgecolor=edgecolor, facecolor='none',linestyle='-', alpha=alpha)
        ax.add_patch(rect)
        rect = patches.Rectangle(bbox[:2], bbox[2]-bbox[0], bbox[3]-bbox[1], linewidth=0, edgecolor=edgecolor, facecolor='none', linestyle='-', hatch=hatch, alpha=0.2)
        ax.add_patch(rect)
    plt.xticks([], [])
    plt.yticks([], [])
    legend_elements = [Patch(facecolor=(1, 0, 0.45), edgecolor=(1, 0, 0.45), label='Table', hatch='//////', alpha=0.3),                      Patch(facecolor=(0.95, 0.6, 0.1), edgecolor=(0.95, 0.6, 0.1),                               label='Table (rotated)', hatch='//////', alpha=0.3)]
    plt.legend(handles=legend_elements, bbox_to_anchor=(0.5, -0.02), loc='upper center', borderaxespad=0, fontsize=10, ncol=2)
    plt.gcf().set_size_inches(10, 10)
    plt.axis('off')
    if out_path is not None:
      plt.savefig(out_path, bbox_inches='tight', dpi=150)
    return fig

fig = visualize_detected_tables(image, objects)

visualized_image = fig2img(fig)

Next, we crop the table out of the image. 


def objects_to_crops(img, tokens, objects, class_thresholds, padding=10):
    table_crops = []
    for obj in objects:
        if obj['score'] < class_thresholds[obj['label']]:
            continue
        cropped_table = {}
        bbox = obj['bbox']
        bbox = [bbox[0]-padding, bbox[1]-padding, bbox[2]+padding, bbox[3]+padding]
        cropped_img = img.crop(bbox)
        table_tokens = [token for token in tokens if iob(token['bbox'], bbox) >= 0.5]
        for token in table_tokens:
            token['bbox'] = [token['bbox'][0]-bbox[0],
                             token['bbox'][1]-bbox[1],
                             token['bbox'][2]-bbox[0],
                             token['bbox'][3]-bbox[1]]
        if obj['label'] == 'table rotated':
            cropped_img = cropped_img.rotate(270, expand=True)
            for token in table_tokens:
                bbox = token['bbox']
                bbox = [cropped_img.size[0]-bbox[3]-1,
                        bbox[0],
                        cropped_img.size[0]-bbox[1]-1,
                        bbox[2]]
                token['bbox'] = bbox
        cropped_table['image'] = cropped_img
        cropped_table['tokens'] = table_tokens
        table_crops.append(cropped_table)
    return table_crops
    

tokens = []
detection_class_thresholds = {
    "table": 0.5,
    "table rotated": 0.5,
    "no object": 10
}
crop_padding = 10
tables_crops = objects_to_crops(image, tokens, objects, detection_class_thresholds, padding=0)
cropped_table = tables_crops[0]['image'].convert("RGB")
cropped_table
cropped_table.save("table.jpg")

Next, we load a Table Transformer pre-trained for table structure recognition.


from transformers import TableTransformerForObjectDetection
# new v1.1 checkpoints require no timm anymore
structure_model = TableTransformerForObjectDetection.from_pretrained("microsoft/table-structure-recognition-v1.1-all")
structure_model.to(device)
print("")

We prepare the cropped table image for the model, and perform a forward pass.


structure_transform = transforms.Compose([
    MaxResize(1000),
    transforms.ToTensor(),
    transforms.Normalize([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
])


pixel_values = structure_transform(cropped_table).unsqueeze(0)
pixel_values = pixel_values.to(device)
print(pixel_values.shape)

# forward pass
with torch.no_grad():
  outputs = structure_model(pixel_values)

Next, we get the predicted detections.


# update id2label to include "no object"
structure_id2label = structure_model.config.id2label
structure_id2label[len(structure_id2label)] = "no object"
cells = outputs_to_objects(outputs, cropped_table.size, structure_id2label)
print(cells)

We can visualize all recognized cells using PIL's ImageDraw module.


from PIL import ImageDraw
cropped_table_visualized = cropped_table.copy()
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(cropped_table_visualized)
for cell in cells:
    draw.rectangle(cell["bbox"], outline="red")
cropped_table_visualized

An alternative way of plotting is to select one class to visualize, like ‘table row’:


def plot_results(cells, class_to_visualize):
    if class_to_visualize not in structure_model.config.id2label.values():
      raise ValueError("Class should be one of the available classes")
    plt.figure(figsize=(16,10))
    plt.imshow(cropped_table)
    ax = plt.gca()
    for cell in cells:
        score = cell["score"]
        bbox = cell["bbox"]
        label = cell["label"]
        if label == class_to_visualize:
          xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax = tuple(bbox)
          ax.add_patch(plt.Rectangle((xmin, ymin), xmax - xmin, ymax - ymin, fill=False, color="red", linewidth=3))
          text = f'{cell["label"]}: {score:0.2f}'
          ax.text(xmin, ymin, text, fontsize=15, bbox=dict(facecolor='yellow', alpha=0.5))
          plt.axis('off')

plot_results(cells, class_to_visualize="table row")

Apply OCR Row by Row

First, we get the coordinates of the individual cells, row by row, by looking at the intersection of the rows and columns. Next, we apply OCR on each individual cell, row-by-row.

Alternatively, one could also do OCR column by column, and so on.


def get_cell_coordinates_by_row(table_data):
    # Extract rows and columns
    rows = [entry for entry in table_data if entry['label'] == 'table row']
    columns = [entry for entry in table_data if entry['label'] == 'table column']
    # Sort rows and columns by their Y and X coordinates, respectively
    rows.sort(key=lambda x: x['bbox'][1])
    columns.sort(key=lambda x: x['bbox'][0])
    # Function to find cell coordinates
    def find_cell_coordinates(row, column):
        cell_bbox = [column['bbox'][0], row['bbox'][1], column['bbox'][2], row['bbox'][3]]
        return cell_bbox
    # Generate cell coordinates and count cells in each row
    cell_coordinates = []
    for row in rows:
        row_cells = []
        for column in columns:
            cell_bbox = find_cell_coordinates(row, column)
            row_cells.append({'column': column['bbox'], 'cell': cell_bbox})
        # Sort cells in the row by X coordinate
        row_cells.sort(key=lambda x: x['column'][0])
        # Append row information to cell_coordinates
        cell_coordinates.append({'row': row['bbox'], 'cells': row_cells, 'cell_count': len(row_cells)})
    # Sort rows from top to bottom
    cell_coordinates.sort(key=lambda x: x['row'][1])
    return cell_coordinates
cell_coordinates = get_cell_coordinates_by_row(cells)


len(cell_coordinates)

len(cell_coordinates[0]["cells"])


for row in cell_coordinates:
  print(row["cells"])


import numpy as np
import csv
import easyocr
from tqdm.auto import tqdm
reader = easyocr.Reader(['en']) # this needs to run only once to load the model into memory
def apply_ocr(cell_coordinates):
    # let's OCR row by row
    data = dict()
    max_num_columns = 0
    for idx, row in enumerate(tqdm(cell_coordinates)):
      row_text = []
      for cell in row["cells"]:
        # crop cell out of image
        cell_image = np.array(cropped_table.crop(cell["cell"]))
        # apply OCR
        result = reader.readtext(np.array(cell_image))
        if len(result) > 0:
          # print([x[1] for x in list(result)])
          text = " ".join([x[1] for x in result])
          row_text.append(text)


      if len(row_text) > max_num_columns:
          max_num_columns = len(row_text)
      data[idx] = row_text
    print("Max number of columns:", max_num_columns)


    # pad rows which don't have max_num_columns elements
    # to make sure all rows have the same number of columns
    for row, row_data in data.copy().items():
        if len(row_data) != max_num_columns:
          row_data = row_data + ["" for _ in range(max_num_columns - len(row_data))]
        data[row] = row_data
    return data
data = apply_ocr(cell_coordinates)
for row, row_data in data.items():
    print(row_data)

We end up with a CSV file containing the data.

Conclusion

In summary, the Table Transformer represents a significant advancement in the field of document analysis, particularly concerning PDFs containing intricate tables. Its innovative integration of multi-modal capabilities has redefined the extraction of information from these complex documents.

This pioneering model, constructed upon the DETR framework, ushers in a new era by not only interpreting text within PDFs but also comprehensively identifying, reconstructing, and preserving the detailed structures of tables. Through the seamless combination of convolutional backbones and encoder-decoder Transformer architecture, it excels in both detecting tables and recognizing their structures.

Its advantages over traditional Optical Character Recognition (OCR) are manifold: from its ability to discern and rebuild table layouts to its end-to-end training that simplifies workflows and diminishes reliance on inflexible templates. The Table Transformer's adaptability to various document structures highlights its strength and flexibility.

As document analysis progresses, the Table Transformer's emergence as a potent tool represents a pivotal moment, promising efficiency, precision, and a more streamlined approach to extracting structured information from the vast collections of PDFs containing valuable tabular data. Its impact not only transforms document processing but also introduces possibilities for broader applications in diverse domains reliant on comprehensive information extraction from multi-modal documents.

References

TATR Repo: https://github.com/microsoft/table-transformer

Research Paper: PubTables-1M: Towards comprehensive table extraction from unstructured documents

Research Paper: End-to-End Object Detection with Transformers

Sign up for Free Trial
Latest Blogs
November 4, 2024

Inside the H200 Tensor Core GPU: An In-Depth Architectural Analysis

November 4, 2024

Launching and Using Pixtral-12B on TIR AI Platform: Bill Parsing with vLLM 

November 4, 2024

Step-by-Step Guide to Bulk Invoice Processing Using Llama 3.2-11B

November 4, 2024

Insights from Jensen Huang’s Keynote Speech | NVIDIA AI Summit Mumbai

November 4, 2024

A Detailed Comparison of the NVIDIA H200 and H100 Architectures for Developers

October 21, 2024

Building a Llama 3.2-11B-Based RAG System with Vision Model Integration

This is a decorative image for: A Complete Guide To Customer Acquisition For Startups
October 18, 2022

A Complete Guide To Customer Acquisition For Startups

Any business is enlivened by its customers. Therefore, a strategy to constantly bring in new clients is an ongoing requirement. In this regard, having a proper customer acquisition strategy can be of great importance.

So, if you are just starting your business, or planning to expand it, read on to learn more about this concept.

The problem with customer acquisition

As an organization, when working in a diverse and competitive market like India, you need to have a well-defined customer acquisition strategy to attain success. However, this is where most startups struggle. Now, you may have a great product or service, but if you are not in the right place targeting the right demographic, you are not likely to get the results you want.

To resolve this, typically, companies invest, but if that is not channelized properly, it will be futile.

So, the best way out of this dilemma is to have a clear customer acquisition strategy in place.

How can you create the ideal customer acquisition strategy for your business?

  • Define what your goals are

You need to define your goals so that you can meet the revenue expectations you have for the current fiscal year. You need to find a value for the metrics –

  • MRR – Monthly recurring revenue, which tells you all the income that can be generated from all your income channels.
  • CLV – Customer lifetime value tells you how much a customer is willing to spend on your business during your mutual relationship duration.  
  • CAC – Customer acquisition costs, which tells how much your organization needs to spend to acquire customers constantly.
  • Churn rate – It tells you the rate at which customers stop doing business.

All these metrics tell you how well you will be able to grow your business and revenue.

  • Identify your ideal customers

You need to understand who your current customers are and who your target customers are. Once you are aware of your customer base, you can focus your energies in that direction and get the maximum sale of your products or services. You can also understand what your customers require through various analytics and markers and address them to leverage your products/services towards them.

  • Choose your channels for customer acquisition

How will you acquire customers who will eventually tell at what scale and at what rate you need to expand your business? You could market and sell your products on social media channels like Instagram, Facebook and YouTube, or invest in paid marketing like Google Ads. You need to develop a unique strategy for each of these channels. 

  • Communicate with your customers

If you know exactly what your customers have in mind, then you will be able to develop your customer strategy with a clear perspective in mind. You can do it through surveys or customer opinion forms, email contact forms, blog posts and social media posts. After that, you just need to measure the analytics, clearly understand the insights, and improve your strategy accordingly.

Combining these strategies with your long-term business plan will bring results. However, there will be challenges on the way, where you need to adapt as per the requirements to make the most of it. At the same time, introducing new technologies like AI and ML can also solve such issues easily. To learn more about the use of AI and ML and how they are transforming businesses, keep referring to the blog section of E2E Networks.

‍

Reference Links

https://www.helpscout.com/customer-acquisition/

https://www.cloudways.com/blog/customer-acquisition-strategy-for-startups/

https://blog.hubspot.com/service/customer-acquisition

This is a decorative image for: Constructing 3D objects through Deep Learning
October 18, 2022

Image-based 3D Object Reconstruction State-of-the-Art and trends in the Deep Learning Era

3D reconstruction is one of the most complex issues of deep learning systems. There have been multiple types of research in this field, and almost everything has been tried on it — computer vision, computer graphics and machine learning, but to no avail. However, that has resulted in CNN or convolutional neural networks foraying into this field, which has yielded some success.

The Main Objective of the 3D Object Reconstruction

Developing this deep learning technology aims to infer the shape of 3D objects from 2D images. So, to conduct the experiment, you need the following:

  • Highly calibrated cameras that take a photograph of the image from various angles.
  • Large training datasets can predict the geometry of the object whose 3D image reconstruction needs to be done. These datasets can be collected from a database of images, or they can be collected and sampled from a video.

By using the apparatus and datasets, you will be able to proceed with the 3D reconstruction from 2D datasets.

State-of-the-art Technology Used by the Datasets for the Reconstruction of 3D Objects

The technology used for this purpose needs to stick to the following parameters:

  • Input

Training with the help of one or multiple RGB images, where the segmentation of the 3D ground truth needs to be done. It could be one image, multiple images or even a video stream.

The testing will also be done on the same parameters, which will also help to create a uniform, cluttered background, or both.

  • Output

The volumetric output will be done in both high and low resolution, and the surface output will be generated through parameterisation, template deformation and point cloud. Moreover, the direct and intermediate outputs will be calculated this way.

  • Network architecture used

The architecture used in training is 3D-VAE-GAN, which has an encoder and a decoder, with TL-Net and conditional GAN. At the same time, the testing architecture is 3D-VAE, which has an encoder and a decoder.

  • Training used

The degree of supervision used in 2D vs 3D supervision, weak supervision along with loss functions have to be included in this system. The training procedure is adversarial training with joint 2D and 3D embeddings. Also, the network architecture is extremely important for the speed and processing quality of the output images.

  • Practical applications and use cases

Volumetric representations and surface representations can do the reconstruction. Powerful computer systems need to be used for reconstruction.

Given below are some of the places where 3D Object Reconstruction Deep Learning Systems are used:

  • 3D reconstruction technology can be used in the Police Department for drawing the faces of criminals whose images have been procured from a crime site where their faces are not completely revealed.
  • It can be used for re-modelling ruins at ancient architectural sites. The rubble or the debris stubs of structures can be used to recreate the entire building structure and get an idea of how it looked in the past.
  • They can be used in plastic surgery where the organs, face, limbs or any other portion of the body has been damaged and needs to be rebuilt.
  • It can be used in airport security, where concealed shapes can be used for guessing whether a person is armed or is carrying explosives or not.
  • It can also help in completing DNA sequences.

So, if you are planning to implement this technology, then you can rent the required infrastructure from E2E Networks and avoid investing in it. And if you plan to learn more about such topics, then keep a tab on the blog section of the website. 

‍

Reference Links

https://tongtianta.site/paper/68922

https://github.com/natowi/3D-Reconstruction-with-Deep-Learning-Methods

This is a decorative image for: Comprehensive Guide to Deep Q-Learning for Data Science Enthusiasts
October 18, 2022

A Comprehensive Guide To Deep Q-Learning For Data Science Enthusiasts

For all data science enthusiasts who would love to dig deep, we have composed a write-up about Q-Learning specifically for you all. Deep Q-Learning and Reinforcement learning (RL) are extremely popular these days. These two data science methodologies use Python libraries like TensorFlow 2 and openAI’s Gym environment.

So, read on to know more.

What is Deep Q-Learning?

Deep Q-Learning utilizes the principles of Q-learning, but instead of using the Q-table, it uses the neural network. The algorithm of deep Q-Learning uses the states as input and the optimal Q-value of every action possible as the output. The agent gathers and stores all the previous experiences in the memory of the trained tuple in the following order:

State> Next state> Action> Reward

The neural network training stability increases using a random batch of previous data by using the experience replay. Experience replay also means the previous experiences stocking, and the target network uses it for training and calculation of the Q-network and the predicted Q-Value. This neural network uses openAI Gym, which is provided by taxi-v3 environments.

Now, any understanding of Deep Q-Learning   is incomplete without talking about Reinforcement Learning.

What is Reinforcement Learning?

Reinforcement is a subsection of ML. This part of ML is related to the action in which an environmental agent participates in a reward-based system and uses Reinforcement Learning to maximize the rewards. Reinforcement Learning is a different technique from unsupervised learning or supervised learning because it does not require a supervised input/output pair. The number of corrections is also less, so it is a highly efficient technique.

Now, the understanding of reinforcement learning is incomplete without knowing about Markov Decision Process (MDP). MDP is involved with each state that has been presented in the results of the environment, derived from the state previously there. The information which composes both states is gathered and transferred to the decision process. The task of the chosen agent is to maximize the awards. The MDP optimizes the actions and helps construct the optimal policy.

For developing the MDP, you need to follow the Q-Learning Algorithm, which is an extremely important part of data science and machine learning.

What is Q-Learning Algorithm?

The process of Q-Learning is important for understanding the data from scratch. It involves defining the parameters, choosing the actions from the current state and also choosing the actions from the previous state and then developing a Q-table for maximizing the results or output rewards.

The 4 steps that are involved in Q-Learning:

  1. Initializing parameters – The RL (reinforcement learning) model learns the set of actions that the agent requires in the state, environment and time.
  2. Identifying current state – The model stores the prior records for optimal action definition for maximizing the results. For acting in the present state, the state needs to be identified and perform an action combination for it.
  3. Choosing the optimal action set and gaining the relevant experience – A Q-table is generated from the data with a set of specific states and actions, and the weight of this data is calculated for updating the Q-Table to the following step.
  4. Updating Q-table rewards and next state determination – After the relevant experience is gained and agents start getting environmental records. The reward amplitude helps to present the subsequent step.  

In case the Q-table size is huge, then the generation of the model is a time-consuming process. This situation requires Deep Q-learning.

Hopefully, this write-up has provided an outline of Deep Q-Learning and its related concepts. If you wish to learn more about such topics, then keep a tab on the blog section of the E2E Networks website.

Reference Links

https://analyticsindiamag.com/comprehensive-guide-to-deep-q-learning-for-data-science-enthusiasts/

https://medium.com/@jereminuerofficial/a-comprehensive-guide-to-deep-q-learning-8aeed632f52f

This is a decorative image for: GAUDI: A Neural Architect for Immersive 3D Scene Generation
October 13, 2022

GAUDI: A Neural Architect for Immersive 3D Scene Generation

The evolution of artificial intelligence in the past decade has been staggering, and now the focus is shifting towards AI and ML systems to understand and generate 3D spaces. As a result, there has been extensive research on manipulating 3D generative models. In this regard, Apple’s AI and ML scientists have developed GAUDI, a method specifically for this job.

An introduction to GAUDI

The GAUDI 3D immersive technique founders named it after the famous architect Antoni Gaudi. This AI model takes the help of a camera pose decoder, which enables it to guess the possible camera angles of a scene. Hence, the decoder then makes it possible to predict the 3D canvas from almost every angle.

What does GAUDI do?

GAUDI can perform multiple functions –

  • The extensions of these generative models have a tremendous effect on ML and computer vision. Pragmatically, such models are highly useful. They are applied in model-based reinforcement learning and planning world models, SLAM is s, or 3D content creation.
  • Generative modelling for 3D objects has been used for generating scenes using graf, pigan, and gsn, which incorporate a GAN (Generative Adversarial Network). The generator codes radiance fields exclusively. Using the 3D space in the scene along with the camera pose generates the 3D image from that point. This point has a density scalar and RGB value for that specific point in 3D space. This can be done from a 2D camera view. It does this by imposing 3D datasets on those 2D shots. It isolates various objects and scenes and combines them to render a new scene altogether.
  • GAUDI also removes GANs pathologies like mode collapse and improved GAN.
  • GAUDI also uses this to train data on a canonical coordinate system. You can compare it by looking at the trajectory of the scenes.

How is GAUDI applied to the content?

The steps of application for GAUDI have been given below:

  • Each trajectory is created, which consists of a sequence of posed images (These images are from a 3D scene) encoded into a latent representation. This representation which has a radiance field or what we refer to as the 3D scene and the camera path is created in a disentangled way. The results are interpreted as free parameters. The problem is optimized by and formulation of a reconstruction objective.
  • This simple training process is then scaled to trajectories, thousands of them creating a large number of views. The model samples the radiance fields totally from the previous distribution that the model has learned.
  • The scenes are thus synthesized by interpolation within the hidden space.
  • The scaling of 3D scenes generates many scenes that contain thousands of images. During training, there is no issue related to canonical orientation or mode collapse.
  • A novel de-noising optimization technique is used to find hidden representations that collaborate in modelling the camera poses and the radiance field to create multiple datasets with state-of-the-art performance in generating 3D scenes by building a setup that uses images and text.

To conclude, GAUDI has more capabilities and can also be used for sampling various images and video datasets. Furthermore, this will make a foray into AR (augmented reality) and VR (virtual reality). With GAUDI in hand, the sky is only the limit in the field of media creation. So, if you enjoy reading about the latest development in the field of AI and ML, then keep a tab on the blog section of the E2E Networks website.

‍

Reference Links

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362323995_GAUDI_A_Neural_Architect_for_Immersive_3D_Scene_Generation

https://www.technology.org/2022/07/31/gaudi-a-neural-architect-for-immersive-3d-scene-generation/ 

https://www.patentlyapple.com/2022/08/apple-has-unveiled-gaudi-a-neural-architect-for-immersive-3d-scene-generation.html

Build on the most powerful infrastructure cloud

Contact SalesGet Started for Free
A vector illustration of a tech city using latest cloud technologies & infrastructure